Antihypertensive Medications / Blood Pressure Treatment
| Classification | Generic Name | Brand Name(s) | Mechanism of Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| ACE Inhibitors | Enalapril | Vasotec | Inhibits ACE, reducing angiotensin II and decreasing vasoconstriction and aldosterone secretion. |
| Lisinopril | Prinivil, Zestril | ||
| Ramipril | Altace | ||
| Benazepril | Lotensin | ||
| Captopril | Capoten | ||
| ARBs | Losartan | Cozaar | Blocks angiotensin II receptors, reducing vasoconstriction. |
| Valsartan | Diovan | ||
| Olmesartan | Benicar | ||
| Irbesartan | Avapro | ||
| Telmisartan | Micardis | ||
| Beta Blockers | Metoprolol | Lopressor, Toprol-XL | Blocks beta-adrenergic receptors, reducing heart rate and output. |
| Atenolol | Tenormin | ||
| Propranolol | Inderal | ||
| Carvedilol | Coreg | ||
| Nebivolol | Bystolic | ||
| Calcium Channel Blockers | Amlodipine | Norvasc | Inhibits calcium ions in vascular smooth muscle, reducing contractility and promoting vasodilation. |
| Diltiazem | Cardizem, Dilacor XR | ||
| Verapamil | Calan, Verelan | ||
| Nifedipine | Procardia, Adalat | ||
| Diuretics | Hydrochlorothiazide | Microzide | Increases excretion of sodium and water by inhibiting sodium reabsorption in the distal tubules. |
| Furosemide | Lasix | Acts on the Loop of Henle to increase sodium and water excretion. | |
| Spironolactone | Aldactone | Antagonizes aldosterone in the distal renal tubules, promoting sodium and water excretion and reducing potassium excretion. | |
| Chlorthalidone | Thalitone | ||
| Alpha Blockers | Prazosin | Minipress | Blocks alpha-1 adrenergic receptors, causing vasodilation. |
| Doxazosin | Cardura | ||
| Terazosin | Hytrin | ||
| Renin Inhibitors | Aliskiren | Tekturna | Directly inhibits renin, reducing the conversion of angiotensinogen to angiotensin I. |
| Alpha-2 Agonists | Clonidine | Catapres | Stimulates alpha-2 adrenergic receptors in the brainstem, reducing sympathetic outflow to the heart and vessels. |
| Methyldopa | Aldomet | ||
| Vasodilators | Hydralazine | Apresoline | Directly dilates arterioles, reducing systemic resistance and blood pressure. |
| Minoxidil | Loniten |
Hyperlipidemia Treatment/ Cholesterol lowering
| Classification | Generic Name | Brand Name(s) | Mechanism of Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Statins | Atorvastatin | Lipitor | Inhibits HMG-CoA reductase, decreasing cholesterol synthesis. |
| Simvastatin | Zocor | ||
| Lovastatin | Mevacor | ||
| Pravastatin | Pravachol | ||
| Rosuvastatin | Crestor | ||
| Pitavastatin | Livalo | ||
| Bile Acid Sequestrants | Cholestyramine | Questran | Binds bile acids in intestine, preventing their reabsorption and increasing cholesterol elimination. |
| Colestipol | Colestid | ||
| Colesevelam | Welchol | ||
| Fibrates | Gemfibrozil | Lopid | Increases the activity of lipoprotein lipase, enhancing the clearance of triglycerides. |
| Fenofibrate | Tricor, Fenoglide | ||
| Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors | Ezetimibe | Zetia | Inhibits the absorption of cholesterol at the small intestine. |
| Omega-3 Fatty Acids | Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) | Vascepa | Reduces hepatic triglyceride synthesis. |
| Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) | Lovaza, Omtryg | ||
| Niacin (Nicotinic Acid) | Niacin | Niaspan, Slo-Niacin | Reduces LDL and triglycerides and increases HDL by inhibiting hepatic diacylglycerol acyltransferase. |
Blood Sugar Control / Diabetes Type-II Treatment
| Classification | Generic Name | Brand Name(s) | Mechanism of Action |
|---|---|---|---|
| Sulfonylureas | Glipizide | Glucotrol | Increases insulin secretion from the pancreatic beta cells. |
| Glyburide | DiaBeta, Glynase | ||
| Glimepiride | Amaryl | ||
| Biguanides | Metformin | Glucophage, Fortamet | Decreases hepatic glucose production and intestinal absorption of glucose, improves insulin sensitivity. |
| DPP-4 Inhibitors | Sitagliptin | Januvia | Inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme, increasing incretin levels which inhibit glucagon release, increase insulin secretion. |
| Saxagliptin | Onglyza | ||
| Thiazolidinediones | Pioglitazone | Actos | Increases insulin sensitivity in peripheral tissue. |
| Rosiglitazone | Avandia | ||
| SGLT2 Inhibitors | Canagliflozin | Invokana | Inhibits sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 in kidneys, increasing glucose excretion in urine. |
| Empagliflozin | Jardiance | ||
| GLP-1 Receptor Agonists | Liraglutide | Victoza, Saxenda | Stimulates glucose-dependent insulin secretion and inhibits glucagon secretion. |
| Semaglutide | Ozempic, Rybelsus | ||
| Dulaglutide | Trulicity | ||
| Insulins | Insulin glargine | Lantus, Toujeo | Lowers blood glucose by stimulating peripheral glucose uptake, especially by skeletal muscle and fat, and inhibiting hepatic glucose production. |
| Insulin aspart | NovoLog | ||
| Insulin lispro | Humalog | ||
| Insulin degludec | Tresiba | ||
| Alpha-Glucosidase Inhibitors | Acarbose | Precose | Inhibits enzymes that digest carbohydrates, thus slowing carbohydrate absorption. |
| Miglitol | Glyset | ||
| Meglitinides | Repaglinide | Prandin | Stimulates pancreatic insulin secretion similar to sulfonylureas. |
| Nateglinide | Starlix |